The science of breath entrainment

It's no secret that mindful breathing practices have a myriad of positive benefits, and western science is just starting to catch up to what ancient practitioners have known for millennia.

Click on the facts below to see quotes and links from supporting studies and articles >>>

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Fact #1: Chronic stress & anxiety are harmful

"Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S., affecting 40 million adults (19.1% of the population) age 18 and older every year."

"Anxiety disorders are highly treatable, yet only 36.9% of those suffering receive treatment."

"Anxiety Disorders - Facts & Statistics" - Anxiety & Depression Association of America

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“Healthcare expenditures are nearly 50% greater for workers who report high levels of stress.”

"Financial Costs of Job Stress" - U-Mass Lowell

Fact #2: Breathing calms you down

"A sequence of specific breathing techniques [...] can alleviate anxiety, depression, everyday stress, post-traumatic stress, and stress-related medical illnesses."

"Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: part I-neurophysiologic model." - National Library of Medicine

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"Psychological/behavioral outputs related to the above-mentioned changes are increased comfort, relaxation, pleasantness, vigor and alertness, and reduced symptoms of arousal, anxiety, depression, anger, and confusion."

"How Breath-Control Can Change Your Life: A Systematic Review on Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Slow Breathing." - National Library of Medicine

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"Controlled breathing emerges as an easily accessible tool for emotional, cognitive, and physiological regulation."

"Keeping the Breath in Mind: Respiration, Neural Oscillations, and the Free Energy Principle." - National Library of Medicine

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"A range of breathwork interventions yielded significant improvements in anxiety symptoms in patients clinically diagnosed with anxiety disorders."

"Breathwork Interventions for Adults with Clinically Diagnosed Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review." - National Library of Medicine

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"This study provided evidence demonstrating the effect of diaphragmatic breathing, a mind-body practice, on mental function, from a health psychology approach, which has important implications for health promotion in healthy individuals."

"The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults." - National Library of Medicine

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"Breathing in 5-second cycles can significantly reduce EDA values and heart rate in people experiencing extreme emotions, thereby reducing tension."

"When Lights Can Breathe: Investigating the Influences of Breathing Lights on Users' Emotion." - National Library of Medicine

Fact #3: ...and does a lot more too!

"Breath affects your sleep, your back, your digestion, your memory, anxiety; all these different things. It affects parts of our body that you'd never even consider, like your esophagus and your pelvic floor." ~ Dr. Belisa Vranich

"How To Breathe" - TEDx Talks

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"This manipulation produced significant emotional feeling states that were differentiated according to the type of breathing pattern."

"Respiratory feedback in the generation of emotion." - ResearchGate

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"These intricate links between respiration and cognitive processes call for mechanistic studies of the role of rhythmic breathing as a timing signal for brain activity."

"Respiration-Driven Brain Oscillations in Emotional Cognition. Front Neural Circuits." - National Library of Medicine

Fact #4: Mindful breathing works better than just meditation

"We discovered that deliberate breathwork practices done for about five minutes per day across the course of about a month led to greater reductions in stress than did a five minute a day meditation practice." ~ Dr. Andrew Huberman

"How to Breathe Correctly for Optimal Health, Mood, Learning & Performance " - Huberman Lab

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"In two recently published studies, we explored several different techniques and found that a breathing exercise was most effective for both immediate and long-term stress reduction."

"Research: Why Breathing Is So Effective at Reducing Stress." - Harvard Business Review

Fact #5: Longer exhales activate your relaxation response

"We show that breathwork, especially the exhale-focused cyclic sighing, produces greater improvement in mood and reduction in respiratory rate compared with mindfulness meditation."

"Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal." - Cell Reports Medicine

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“This study showed that moderately prolonged expiration results in parasympathetic dominance.”

"The relaxation effect of prolonged expiratory breathing." - National Library of Medicine

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“Participants reported increased relaxation, stress reduction, mindfulness and positive energy when breathing with the low compared to the high i/e [inhalation/exhalation] ratio.”

"Inhalation/Exhalation Ratio Modulates the Effect of Slow Breathing on Heart Rate Variability and Relaxation." - Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback

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“These empirical and theoretical data suggest that influencing vagal outflows by means of DSB [deep and slow breathing, low inhale/exhale ratio] is an efficient way to reduce anxiety level.”

"Benefits from one session of deep and slow breathing on vagal tone and anxiety in young and older adults." - Scientific Reports

Fact #6: Moving visual cues work better

"Recent studies have demonstrated that, as opposed to static visual stimuli, visual rhythms derived from apparent motion of an object or effector [...] have a greater potential to induce a beat and to engage the observers rhythmically."

"Audiovisual beat induction in complex auditory rhythms: point-light figure movement as an effective visual beat." - National Library of Medicine

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"Results indicate that beat perception can occur in the visual modality and improve performance on a temporal discrimination task, when certain types of stimuli are used."

"See what I hear? Beat perception in auditory and visual rhythms." - National Library of Medicine

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"Our study provides compelling evidence that repetitive visual exposure optimizes sensory processing in primary visual cortex, resulting in a better readout of stimulus-specific information."

"Visual exposure enhances stimulus encoding and persistence in primary cortex." - National Library of Medicine

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"In the visual modality, a continuously moving target can be more clearly encoded due to its spatiotemporal dynamics."

"Synchronizing with auditory and visual rhythms: an fMRI assessment of modality differences and modality appropriateness." - National Library of Medicine

Fact #7: You can passively sync to subtle visual cues

"External cue appears to affect one’s behavior without conscious perception."

"Effects of Visual, Auditory, and Combined Cues on Human Movement and Brain Regions Involved in Perception Action." - McGill Journal of Medicine

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"Results suggest that a frequently presented feature sensitizes the visual system merely owing to its frequency, not its relevance or salience."

"Perceptual learning without perception." - National Library of Medicine

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"These results indicate that when attentional influence is limited, lower-level motion processing is more receptive to long-term modification than higher-level motion processing in the visual cortex."

"Greater plasticity in lower-level than higher-level visual motion processing in a passive perceptual learning task." - National Library of Medicine

  • Breath by James Nestor

    There is nothing more essential to our health and well-being than breathing: take air in, let it out, repeat 25,000 times a day. Yet, as a species, humans have lost the ability to breathe correctly, with grave consequences.

    Award-winning science journalist, James Nestor, travels the world to find out what went wrong in our evolution of breathing — and how to fix it. 

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  • Just Breathe by Dan Brulé

    Just Breathe gives you the tools to achieve benefits in a wide range of issues including: managing acute/chronic pain; helping with insomnia, weight loss, attention deficit, anxiety, depression, trauma, and grief; improving intuition, creativity, mindfulness, self-esteem, and leadership; and much more. Recommended “for those who wish to destress naturally” (Library Journal), Just Breathe will help you utilize your breath to benefit your body, mind, and spirit.

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  • Anxious by Joseph LeDoux

    Collectively, anxiety disorders are our most prevalent psychiatric problem, affecting about forty million adults in the United States. InAnxious, Joseph LeDoux, whose NYU lab has been at the forefront of research efforts to understand and treat fear and anxiety, explains the range of these disorders, their origins, and discoveries that can restore sufferers to normalcy.

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